Yes, in most cases you can use "in spite of" and "despite" interchangeably. They both convey the idea that something happened or was true even though there was a contrary circumstance.
While they are largely interchangeable, "in spite of" tends to be a bit more formal or emphatic than "despite." If you want to put a stronger emphasis on the contrary circumstance, "in spite of" may be the better choice.
Context matters in English because the meaning of words can vary based on the surrounding words, phrases, or situation. Words often have multiple meanings, and the intended sense becomes clear through the context in which they are used.
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